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An effective medium inversion algorithm for gas hydrate quantification and its application to laboratory and borehole measurements of gas hydrate-bearing sediments

机译：一种有效的天然气水合物定量介质反演算法及其在天然气水合物沉积物实验室和井眼测量中的应用

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摘要

The presence of gas hydrate in marine sediments alters their physical properties. In some circumstances, gas hydrate may cement sediment grains together and dramatically increase the seismic P- and S-wave velocities of the composite medium. Hydrate may also form a load-bearing structure within the sediment microstructure, but with different seismic wave attenuation characteristics, changing the attenuation behaviour of the composite. Here we introduce an inversion algorithm based on effective medium modelling to infer hydrate saturations from velocity and attenuation measurements on hydrate-bearing sediments. The velocity increase is modelled as extra binding developed by gas hydrate that strengthens the sediment microstructure. The attenuation increase is modelled through a difference in fluid flow properties caused by different permeabilities in the sediment and hydrate microstructures. We relate velocity and attenuation increases in hydrate-bearing sediments to their hydrate content, using an effective medium inversion algorithm based on the self-consistent approximation (SCA), differential effective medium (DEM) theory, and Biot and squirt flow mechanisms of fluid flow. The inversion algorithm is able to convert observations in compressional and shear wave velocities and attenuations to hydrate saturation in the sediment pore space. We applied our algorithm to a data set from the Mallik 2L–38 well, Mackenzie delta, Canada, and to data from laboratory measurements on gas-rich and water-saturated sand samples. Predictions using our algorithm match the borehole data and water-saturated laboratory data if the proportion of hydrate contributing to the load-bearing structure increases with hydrate saturation. The predictions match the gas-rich laboratory data if that proportion decreases with hydrate saturation. We attribute this difference to differences in hydrate formation mechanisms between the two environments.
机译：海洋沉积物中气体水合物的存在改变了它们的物理性质。在某些情况下，天然气水合物可能会将沉积物颗粒粘合在一起，并显着提高复合介质的地震P波和S波速度。水合物还可以在沉积物微结构内形成承重结构，但是具有不同的地震波衰减特性，从而改变了复合材料的衰减特性。在这里，我们介绍一种基于有效介质建模的反演算法，以从含水合物沉积物的速度和衰减测量结果推断出水合物饱和度。速度增加被建模为由气体水合物产生的额外结合，从而加强了沉积物的微结构。通过由沉积物和水合物微结构中不同渗透率引起的流体流动特性差异来模拟衰减增加。我们使用基于自洽近似（SCA），微分有效介质（DEM）理论以及流体流动的比奥和喷流机理的有效介质反演算法，将含水合物沉积物的速度和衰减增加与其水合物含量相关联。反演算法能够将压缩波和切变波速度以及衰减中的观测值转换为沉积物孔隙空间中的水合物饱和度。我们将算法应用于加拿大Mackenzie delta的Mallik 2L–38井的数据集，以及实验室对富气和水饱和砂样品的测量数据。如果有助于承载结构的水合物比例随水合物饱和度增加而增加，则使用我们的算法进行的预测将使钻孔数据和水饱和的实验室数据相匹配。如果该比例随水合物饱和度而降低，则预测与富气实验室数据匹配。我们将此差异归因于两种环境之间水合物形成机理的差异。

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